Race is on for Europe's $1.3 billion science projects

BERLIN -- Teams of scientists across Europe are vying for a funding bonanza that could see two of them receive up to $1.33 billion over 10 years to keep Europe at the cutting edge of technology.

The contest began with 26 proposals that were whittled down to six last year. Four have made the final round. They include

* A plan to develop digital guardian angels that would keep people safe from harm.

* A massive data-crunching machine to simulate social, economic and technological change on Earth.

* An effort to craft the most accurate computer model to date of the human brain.

* A team working to find better ways to produce and employ graphene -- an ultra-thin material that could revolutionize manufacturing of everything from airplanes to computer chips.

Initially, each project will receive almost $72 million [in U.S. dollars] from the European Union's research budget, an amount that will be matched by national governments and other sources. Further funding will depend on whether they reach milestones within the first 30 months, but in a decade it could total $1.33 billion each.

Senior EU official overseeing the so-called Future and Emerging Technologies Flagships program is confident the money will be made available and insists the investment is necessary if Europe wants to match the success CERN labs on the Swiss-French border, which have become the world's premier center for particle research.

Henry Markram said CERN's success was the best example of how polling European resources can put the continent at the forefront of science. CERN announced last year solid evidence of the elusive Higgs boson particle that scientists have been hunting for 50 years.

Markram, a professor of neuroscience, said his team wants to do the same for the human brain.

His Human Brain Project plans to use supercomputers to model the brain and then simulate drugs and treatments for diseases.

Dirk Helbing, a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH in Zurich, is the coordinator of the FuturICT team that aims to monitor the state of the planet in real time. Anyone will be able to tap into the system to explore possible future scenarios in much the same way as the meteorologists can forecast weather with a certain degree of accuracy.

"The world of today has become so complex that it's beyond our control," Helbing said.

A project led by scientists in Lausanne focuses on personal well being.

Adrian Ionescu, a professor of nanoneletronics, said the boom in mobile devices has concentrated mainly on communication and gaming. His team's Guardian Angels project aims to develop wearable, self-powered gadgets that can warn users of danger, encourage them to exercise and collect environmental and health information.

Ionescu claims such devices could save large sums in health-care costs by preventing diseases and helping manage them.

One of the most promising materials for electronic devices of the future is graphene -- the sole focus of another finalist. It has been touted as a solution to problems as wide-ranging as mopping up nuclear spills, making airplanes more fuel efficient and speeding up computer chips.

Russian-born scientists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov received the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics for experiments with this two-dimensional "wonder material" that's up to 300 times stronger than steel -- but much lighter.

The problem is how to manufacture it efficiently.

"There is still quite a bit of research to be done," said Jari Kinaret, professor of applied physics at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Kinaret said the long-term funding offered by the EU program would be key to developing what he called a "disruptive technology."

"If you want to create a new technology it does not happen in one or two years," he said. Although Europe, the United States and Asia each produce a third of the scientific papers published on graphene, the number of patents coming out of Europe lags behind.

"We risk that the fruits of research that started in Europe will be harvested elsewhere," he said.

The prospect of Europe losing ground to nimbler rivals plays a prominent role in the arguments put forward by all four projects still in the race.

"If we don't get the funding ... we may see some of the European talent move to parts of the world where there is better funding situation, like Singapore," said Kinaret.

One explicit aim of the program is to encourage scientists to address not just contemporary problems but also those that could arise in future.

The two winners will be announced by the European Union's executive branch in Brussels on Jan. 28.

Climate change, aging societies and a shortage of natural resources all loom large in predictions for Europe's future. So far, solutions to these problems have been limited, partly because of their sheer scope.

"Supporting research and development is not a nice-to-have, it is essential because no investment means no chance for a better future," Neelie Kroes said. "And especially during a crisis we all need something positive to look ahead to. Just cutting public expenditure and austerity don't bring new growth and jobs."

Kroes, the European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, believes it will pay off. "By pooling resources across the EU and focusing on the two best projects we get a good shot at a manifold return on the investment," she said. Switzerland, Norway, Israel and Turkey, which are not part of the 27-nation EU, are also partnering in the program.