Fossil footprints puzzle scientists: Was it bear or ancient human?

WASHINGTON -- Prehistoric footprints that have puzzled scientists since the 1970s are getting a second look: Were they left by extinct animals or by human ancestors?

When famed paleontologist Mary Leakey first uncovered the footprints in Tanzania 40 years ago, the evidence was ambiguous.

Leakey focused her attention instead on other fossil footprints that could be more clearly linked to early humans. Those footprints, found at a site called Laetoli G, are the first clear evidence of early humans walking upright.

Decades later, a new team re-excavated the confusing footprints, found at a site called Laetoli A, and made photos and 3D scans available for other researchers to continue the debate.

The research was published last week in the journal Nature.

This undated photo from video shows the left footprint from one of the juvenile male black bears.Ellison McNutt ~ Dartmouth College via AP

"These footprints have been in the mystery category for 40 years," said Rick Potts, who directs the Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Project.

"It's a really exciting idea to re-exhume them and study them again," added Potts, who was not involved in the research.

What's long perplexed scientists is those tracks -- broad footprints with enlarged fifth toes and estimated to be around 3.7 million years old -- don't closely match anything scientists have elsewhere identified.

"They didn't have the right weight and foot movement to be easily identified as human, so other explanations were sought," including they may belong to an extinct species of bears, said co-author and Dartmouth paleoanthropologist Jeremy DeSilva.

He and other researchers returned to the site in 2019 and used Leakey's original maps to locate the enigmatic prints, preserved in a layer of volcanic ash that had cooled and hardened.

Mary D. Leakey of the National Geographic Society in Washington on Feb. 24, 1978, holds hands near a picture of a footprint found at Laetolil, Tanzania. It is believed the track belongs to a hominid who lived between 34 and 3 million years ago and was about 4-foot tall.Associated Press file

Co-author Ellison McNutt of Ohio University studied the foot mechanics of black bear cubs at a wildlife rescue center in New Hampshire to see whether a small bear walking on hind legs could leave similar footprints.

She held a tray of apple sauce to lure the cubs into walking toward her. Each footstep was recorded in a track of mud, to be analyzed.

Bears walking upright first put weight on the heels of their feet, like humans, she said. "But the foot proportions aren't the same." She concluded the fossil footprints were not left by bears.

Other factors, such as the spacing of the footprints, led the study authors to conclude the footprints were left by a previously unknown species of a very early human ancestor.

Not everyone is convinced.

In this photo from video, Ellison McNutt collects data from a juvenile female black bear (Ursus americanus) that walks bipedally unassisted through the mud trackway at Kilham Bear Center in Lyme, New Hampshire.Jeremy DeSilva ~ Dartmouth College via AP

Smithsonian's Potts said it's a toss-up between an ancient bear or an ancient human, adding an ancient bear may have walked differently than a modern black bear.

William Harcourt-Smith, a paleoanthropologist at the American Museum of Natural History who was not involved in the research, said he was convinced it wasn't a bear, but wasn't certain it was an early human.

"These prints could still belong to some form of non-human ape," he said.

If two different species were walking upright on the landscape at the same time, that suggests different simultaneous experiments in bipedalism -- complicating the conventional view of human evolution as strictly linear.

"That's really cool to think about," Harcourt-Smith said.

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