Columbia's fall , NASA's follow-up

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- These days the e-mailed gripes to the boss from NASA employees are often signed. More workers stand up at meetings and ask questions. More time is spent in making careful decisions.

As NASA sets aside today as a day to remember the dead and reflect on its mistakes, its redemption for Columbia goes on, moving forward in small, sometimes barely perceptible ways.

Not all those on the inside like what they see in terms of cultural shift, including the widower of one of the Columbia astronauts. Some of the accident investigators who assailed NASA for its broken safety culture still hear grumbling from the lower working levels, and say they're not surprised.

But those at the top appear to be working hard to eradicate fear of reprisal for speaking out, one of the flaws in the system that doomed Columbia.

"Obviously, that kind of attitude comes from the top down," says Jose Garcia, a retired shuttle operations manager who took his complaints about NASA safety cutbacks all the way to the White House in 1995.

Garcia keeps in touch with many of his former co-workers and the word is, "things are getting better, they're headed in the right direction."

The fact that NASA is putting aside its "bunker mentality" and seeking outside help to achieve cultural change is encouraging, says Diane Vaughan, a Boston College sociologist who assisted in the Columbia inquiry.

"They are up against the obstacle of time, of course, because it takes a long time to change culture," says Vaughan, author of the 1996 book, "The Challenger Launch Decision."

"But I think that the step to bring in outsiders to consult with is a very important one."

In a hopeful sign of change, NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe has designated today as a "Day of Remembrance" throughout the space agency, for reflecting not only on the dead but the tragic consequences of getting it wrong. He plans to make it an annual late-January event, coming as close as it does to all three NASA catastrophes.

The Apollo 1 fire during a countdown test on Jan. 27, 1967, killed three astronauts. The Challenger explosion during liftoff on Jan. 28, 1986, left seven dead. The Columbia breakup during re-entry on Feb. 1, 2003, killed seven more.

Seventeen casualties all because of lousy human judgment.

NASA employees are being asked also to remember the two men who died in a helicopter crash in Texas last March while searching for Columbia wreckage.

Flags will fly at half-staff at NASA centers today through Monday, when a memorial to the Columbia crew will be dedicated at Arlington National Cemetery, right next to the Challenger crew memorial.

"It's a time to continually, continually remind ourselves of what the price is for getting this wrong," O'Keefe told reporters earlier this month. "There are seven families that will live with this forever, and it's something we can't any single day ever forget."

One of those families is dissatisfied with NASA's progress one year later.

Dr. Jon Clark, a NASA neurologist who lost his wife, Laurel, aboard Columbia, said he sees and hears enough to know that resistance persists.

"The people who don't sit there and see themselves in the report and see ways they can improve things, they're the ones who need to go," Clark said. "In other words, they embrace change, but it's changing somebody else, not them."

Clark said one of his colleagues, a psychiatrist, volunteered to work at the new NASA Engineering and Safety Center in Virginia, an outgrowth of the Columbia disaster. He was told, "No, no, we only want engineers," according to Clark.

"That's the exact kind of attitude, that it's not an engineering problem, per se," that needs to change, Clark says. "You need sociologists and psychologists, you need the soft sciences because they're the ones who are going to tell you when people start having intuitive feelings, you better start listening."

O'Keefe says he would like to see culture change moving faster, but he realizes it will take time.

President Bush's new space initiative calling for manned moon missions by 2020 should erase any lingering doubts among the NASA work force about the need to "look at things differently and transform the way we're organized," O'Keefe says.

"Do you need to have any other evidence of why we need to do this?" O'Keefe asks. "Will there be folks who will say no and be naysayers? Sure. Any time you get 20,000 people, you're always going to have some percentage who will have a different opinion."

The retired Garcia worries that time will take its toll, just as it did after the Challenger accident, and that budget crunches and schedule pressures will start piling up once more.

"The fact that we're changing back now doesn't really shock me based on past history. That's really what we've done every time" following an accident, Garcia says. "Now will we sustain it? That's the key here, whether we sustain it or not."