2005 shaping up as hectic year for Supreme Court

WASHINGTON -- The Supreme Court returns Monday with an ailing leader, pressure to rule quickly on the constitutionality of federal prison sentences and a slew of contentious issues to decide, from medical marijuana to Ten Commandment displays.

The most immediate concern is the health of Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, 80, who was diagnosed with thyroid cancer in October.

Besides Rehnquist, Justices John Paul Stevens, 84, and Sandra Day O'Connor, 74, are considered possibilities to leave this year.

Stephen McAllister, law school dean at the University of Kansas and a former Supreme Court clerk predicted court vacancies "will be the big story of 2005."

But there will be others. Some of the major arguments at the Supreme Court in 2005 include:

DEATH PENALTY: May states prosecute foreign nationals in death penalty cases without notifying their government, in violation of international law? Can people facing the death penalty be shackled in front of jurors during their sentencing hearing?

LAND RIGHTS: When can local governments seize people's homes and businesses for tax-producing projects like shopping malls? Was it an unconstitutional taking when Hawaii imposed rent caps on dealer-run stations, intended to promote competition and keep down gas prices?

TEN COMMANDMENTS: Do government displays of the Ten Commandments at public buildings violate the First Amendment's ban on an "establishment" of religion?

FILE-SHARING: Should Internet file-sharing services be held responsible for their customers' illegal swapping of copyrighted songs and movies?

CABLE INTERNET ACCESS: Is cable-based broadband a "telecommunications service" under FCC rules that would require cable companies to open their lines to Internet competition?

Justices could rule as early as this week on whether the longtime system for sentencing federal defendants should be thrown out because it lets judges, rather than juries, decide factors that add years to prison time. Many judges have delayed sentencings while awaiting the high court's decision.

Other major cases involve whether states can execute juvenile killers, whether the federal government can prosecute people who use marijuana medicinally, and whether states can bar interstate wine sales over the Internet.

Some other big issues are still to be argued -- or are awaiting an announcement on whether the justices will hear them.

Two February cases will be closely watched by local governments and land rights groups. They involve the government's power to take people's land or put limits on its use.

In early March, large crowds are expected when justices take up two cases that question the constitutionality of government displays of the Ten Commandments. The last major religion case was last year's challenge to the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance. Justices settled the case without ruling on the merits.

March also brings a case that asks how U.S. authorities should deal with foreign nationals facing charges that could result in execution. In addition, there is an Internet dispute that questions whether file-sharing services may be held responsible when their customers illegally swap songs and movies online.

Justices have a chance to add some controversial issues to their April calendar: Oregon's assisted suicide law, a Florida law that kept a severely brain-damaged woman alive over her husband's objections, a Florida law that bars gays from adopting, and an appeal questioning the Bush administration's strategy to hold military trials for terror suspects in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

"I don't think there's going to be any shortage of headlines," said Erwin Chemerinsky, a Duke University law professor. He will argue two cases this spring -- on behalf of a man challenging a Ten Commandments display in Texas and a disgruntled former client of defense lawyer Johnnie Cochran.

Also awaited is a White House announcement on a permanent lawyer to represent the administration in cases at the high court. Solicitor General Theodore Olson left last summer. His deputy, Paul Clement, has held the job on an interim basis.

---

On the Net:

Supreme Court: http://www.supremecourtus.gov