NerdWallet: Don't be your own worst enemy when investing

Looking for someone to blame for the not-so-stellar performance of your investment portfolio? Try checking the mirror.

Decisions about money aren't always rational, even when we think we're acting logically. Common tendencies that make us our own worst enemies when investing include selling winning investments too soon or holding onto losers for too long, loading up on too-similar assets or failing to assess the future implications of today's decisions.

Researchers have found dozens of unconscious biases that can drive people to make money decisions they later regret. These behavioral economics concepts include things such as "anchoring" -- when a specific and perhaps arbitrary number you have in mind sways your decision-making, such as selling Apple just because the company's stock hit a round number, like $200 a share. Or, the "endowment effect" can cause you to overvalue something simply because you own it, leading you to cling to a stock that's tanking.

Here are some common human errors in investing, with strategies to overcome them.

Pursuing past predilections

Financial institutions remind us past performance doesn't guarantee future results. We don't always listen.

It's tempting to look at a stock's (or the broader market's) recent performance and conclude gains will persist in the near term, said Victor Ricciardi, a finance professor at Goucher College and co-editor of the books "Investor Behavior" and "Financial Behavior."

"People take a very small sample of data and draw a major conclusion, and that's a pretty bad pitfall," Ricciardi said.

How to overcome it: Don't base investing decisions solely on what's happened in the past; think about what will drive gains in the future. When investing for the long term, prioritize selecting companies with solid long-term potential.

Diversification that's not diverse

You may interpret diversification to mean more is better. That's only half the story; what's important is owning a variety of assets (both stocks and bonds) with exposure to various industries, companies and geographies.

Sometimes investors exhibit "naive diversification" by owning too-similar assets, which does little to reduce risk, said Dan Egan, director of behavioral finance and investments at robo-adviser Betterment.

"People will have three or four different S&P 500 funds and think they're diversified but don't look at how correlated they all are."

Similarly, many investors invest only in companies they know, which results in over-concentration in certain industries, Ricciardi said. That may mean underexposure to "the unknown" -- like international stocks -- which they perceive to be risky, he adds.

How to overcome it: Invest in a wide range of assets. This can easily be accomplished with a simple portfolio constructed of just a few mutual funds or exchange-traded funds.

Making emotional decisions

When money's on the line, it's hard not to let emotions creep into your decisions.

Prior to the 2016 presidential election, many professional investors expressed concerns about a market slump if Donald Trump won. Betterment data suggested investors who supported Hillary Clinton might let politics shape their investment strategy -- and cash out following the election, Egan said. So after the election, the robo-adviser messaged investors with information about the importance of staying invested for the long haul, he said.

On a stock-specific basis, we often let emotions dictate when to sell -- not wanting to admit we made a losing bet.

"People tend to sell winners too quickly when they go up and, on the downside, they hold on to losing investments too long," Ricciardi said.

How to overcome it: Think about individual investments in the context of your entire portfolio and craft a plan for when you'll sell that's not triggered by short-term factors (like emotions) alone.

Focusing on today

It can be difficult to see the value of saving money for tomorrow when there's so much to spend it on today. That myopia can make investors either too active or too passive.

If you're too passive, you may avoid regular check-ins on financial health and stick with a status quo that doesn't properly prepare for the future, Ricciardi said. Meanwhile, being too active can drive up trading expenses, resulting in lower returns, he adds.

How to overcome it: Let the numbers do the talking. Sit down with a retirement calculator when charting your investing journey. Make sure you fully understand the tax implications and costs associated with selling investments.

This article was provided to The Associated Press by the personal finance website NerdWallet. Anna-Louise Jackson is a writer at NerdWallet. Email: ajackson@nerdwallet.com. Twitter: @ALJax7.

RELATED LINKS:

NerdWallet: Retirement calculator

https://nerd.me/retirement-calculator

Behavioral Economics: Behavioral economics concepts

https://www.behavioraleconomics.com/resources/mini-encyclopedia-of-be/