Research differs on whether charters welcome special-ed students

WASHINGTON -- Five-year-old Nico Rosenblatt cannot speak and struggles to learn because of a rare genetic condition, yet he thrives when surrounded by other children in a regular classroom, according to his parents.

But they said neither the public-school system nor a charter school in the nation's capital could provide an inclusive environment for him.

"It's a fundamental question of civil rights and access to education for us," Nico's mother, Karen Hoerst, said. "It's really about: Does our kid who happens to have a developmental disability deserve to be educated alongside his peers or not?"

The Trump administration has been promoting school choice, saying it also can benefit special-needs students.

But charter schools, funded with public money, often are criticized for keeping out students with disabilities because they may be more expensive to educate and because they tend to have lower academic results.

A 2014 study by a special education advocacy and research group found students with disabilities accounted for 12.5 percent of those in traditional public schools and 10.6 percent in charter schools.

Researchers disagree about the reasons for the divide.

Some said it is a result of charters being less likely to classify students as having special needs and families of special-needs kids being less likely to apply in the first place.

Others said charter schools tend to prefer students who are more likely to succeed.

The debate over inclusion of special-needs students is likely to intensify with Trump and his education secretary, Betsy DeVos, seeking to expand access to charter as well as private schools.

Marcus Winters, associate professor in the school of education at Boston University, analyzed traditional and charter schools in New York and Denver and found students with special needs were less likely to switch schools if they were attending a charter elementary school than a traditional public school.

"My work has shown that that concern is at best overstated," Winters said. "It's not to say that that doesn't happen, that has never happened, and I do think that the charter sector could do an even better job in recruiting and retaining such students, but the widespread concern that charters are systemically not serving those students is not consistent with the research that we have so far."

Elizabeth Setren, a researcher at MIT, studied Boston charter schools and found they were twice as likely as traditional public schools to remove a student's special-need classification and three times as likely to move the student into a general-education classroom.

Despite that, attending charter schools improves special-needs students' test scores and college readiness.

Kevin Welner, a professor of education at University of Colorado Boulder, said charter schools cherry-pick students because they need to demonstrate academic success to stay alive and get funding.

In a two-year study, Welner identified 14 different ways charter schools can shape enrollment.

They range from steering families away to not advertising the school in high-need neighborhoods, setting conditions for enrollment or counseling students out -- in other words, urging parents to find a different school for their child.

Lauren Rhim, executive director at the National Center for Special Education in Charter Schools, said new and small charter schools can face struggles in serving special-needs students. But she insisted similar problems exist in the broader public-school sector.

"There are charter schools that are amazing and are doing a great job and are trying new things and creative and innovative things, and then you have the other end of the continuum where there are charters that are counseling out, and then you have everything in the middle," Rhim said. "The truth is complicated. Similar to public schools, there is so much variability, there is not one answer."

In the case of Nico, who started a pre-K program when he was 3, a charter school initially looked like a good option.

After public school officials in D.C. offered to place Nico in a self-contained classroom in his neighborhood school, his family decided to try a charter school called Bridges, which had a reputation for being inclusive. After one year, Nico was moved into a general-education classroom and fell in love with it. Using a special communication device, he would repeat the names of his favorite classmates.

"The difference for him and his level of interest and excitement about going to school was incredible," said Hoerst, a union organizer. "He was so much more motivated about going to school."

But toward the end of his third year at Bridges, the school insisted Nico would have to spend more time in a self-contained setting because of limited resources to support him in a regular classroom, the family said. They are thinking about relocating.

"To me, this is one of the examples of what the dangers of this school-choice environment are, that with the lottery and the waiting list and everything, they are in a seller's market," said Nico's father, David Rosenblatt. "They see every student as someone they could replace with the next person on the waiting list."

Paula Evans, chairwoman of an advocacy group that specializes in Nico's condition, called Angelman syndrome, said his story fits a familiar pattern.

Only an estimated 15 percent of children with the syndrome in the United States have a full-time inclusive placement, 20 percent are placed in self-contained classrooms, and 50 percent study in both environments.

Michelle Lerner, spokeswoman for District of Columbia public schools, said she cannot comment on individual cases but said the district strives to provide an inclusive environment for students as long as their needs are met.

Bridges declined to comment.

Hoerst insisted it is Nico's fundamental right to study alongside other children.

"And for us, that answer should be really clear, and it is incredibly disappointing that the answer is up for debate in both public schools and charter schools," she said.