U.S. monuments to Spanish conquest face mounting criticism

SANTA FE, N.M. -- Public statues and tributes to early Spanish conquerors are facing mounting criticism tied to the brutal treatment of American Indians centuries ago by Spanish soldiers and missionaries, with activists drawing ethical parallels to the national controversy over Confederate monuments.

From California to Florida, historical markers and commonplace names trace the path of the 16th-century Spanish conquistadors and missionaries who explored and settled land inhabited by American Indians in what is now the U.S. Few, if any, of the monuments honoring them have come down.

The Spanish presence is particularly noticeable in parts of the Southwest, which Spaniards controlled for about 300 years. In northern New Mexico, statues and annual re-enactments recognize two colonizers who quelled armed uprisings by American Indians and meted out reprisals that included slavery and executions.

On Friday, police arrested at least 12 people in Santa Fe as protesters chanted slogans opposing an annual pageant that marks the return of Spanish conquistador Don Diego de Vargas to New Mexico following a 17th-century Indian revolt.

Pageantry supporters said they are honoring their Spanish heritage, paying homage to the Roman Catholic faith and highlighting reconciliation.

Edwin Quintana, left, dances with fifth-grader Kaylee Pacheco and other students Aug. 30 at Tesuque Elementary school in Tesuque, New Mexico.Morgan Lee ~ Associated Press

For Native American tribes, the monuments and events often are reminders of forced religious conversions and violence against resisters of Spanish rule.

Here's a look at Spanish historical figures whose legacies are stirring protest and debate:

Don Diego de Vargas

Police thronged downtown Santa Fe streets Friday to contain protests of an annual costumed pageant that re-enacts de Vargas' 1692 arrival in Santa Fe, about 12 years after Pueblo Indians from small, scattered tribes rebelled against Spain.

There were no signs of violence among about 100 protesters. But police Sgt. Gardner Finney said a dozen people were arrested on charges including trespassing and disorderly conduct.

They included protest organizer Jennifer Marley, a tribal member of San Ildefonso Pueblo and leader of the activist group Red Nation. Led away in hand restraints, she said she hoped images of her arrest would stoke opposition to the re-enactment.

Organizers of the "entrada" -- or arrival -- of de Vargas said the event on Santa Fe's downtown plaza portrays a peaceful reconciliation between the conquistador and American Indians in shared reverence for a wood-carved Virgin Mary known as "La Conquistadora."

New Mexico deputy state historian Rob Martinez said the dramatization wrongfully gives the impression Native Americans welcomed back the Spanish, and activists said it obscures the cruelty de Vargas inflicted as he stamped out resistance to Spanish rule.

Juan de Onate

Juan de Onate's arrival in present-day New Mexico in 1598 is re-enacted at an annual fiesta in Espanola, a small city set amid several Indian Pueblos in northern New Mexico.

To American Indians, Onate is known for having ordered the right feet cut off 24 captive tribal warriors after his soldiers stormed Acoma Pueblo's mesa-top "sky city," an attack precipitated by the killing of Onate's nephew.

Four hundred years later, in 1998, someone sawed off the foot of an Onate statue at a visitor center near Espanola named for him.

The former Onate Monument and Visitor Center reopened in August as the Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Center.

Board member Patricia Trujillo said some people avoided the building for its focus on Onate, although a statue of him still stands on the path to the front entrance. Organizers posed questions on public bulletin boards about Onate at the reopening and asked people to respond in writing, but someone crossed out messages that asked to remove the Onate statue and stop the glorification, Trujillo said.

Maurus Chino of Acoma Pueblo said Onate no longer should be honored.

"These monuments really mean something obscene and evil to the indigenous people here and all decent people," he said.

Junipero Serra

A Franciscan friar who founded the Spanish mission system in California, Junipero Serra believed American Indians needed to be baptized and taught to farm.

Once converted, they were prohibited from leaving the missions and became largely dependent on the Spanish, said Robert Senkewicz, a history professor at Santa Clara University.

In August, a statue of Serra in Southern California was splashed with red paint and defaced with the word "murderer" in white.

Other Serra statues were vandalized -- one beheaded -- surrounding his elevation to sainthood two years ago.

The popular picture in colonial California was one of heroic Spanish missionaries and content American Indians, Senkewicz said.

Recently, the California school system said children no longer would have to build replica missions in their classrooms.

The problem isn't Serra himself, Senkewicz said.

"The problem is he's been allowed to symbolize everything."

Juan Ponce de Leon

Juan Ponce de Leon is credited for naming Florida in 1513.

Though he did not establish a permanent settlement, statues of him are found throughout the state.

He was among Spanish explorers who forged alliances with American Indians and fought against them.

Known for his search for the mythical fountain of youth, Ponce de Leon died from an arrow wound in 1521, said J. Michael Francis, who leads the Department of History and Politics at the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg.

Ponce de Leon and Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who founded St. Augustine in 1565, are less controversial than explorers in the Southwest, and the Spanish never gained a stronghold over the peninsula, Francis said.

Protesters said the period of ethnic genocide and environmental degradation is nothing to celebrate.