Tip of the iceberg: No end in sight to migrant wave

ZAGREB, Croatia -- One month after the body of 3-year-old Aylan Kurdi washed up on a Turkish beach -- and a week after the European Union agreed to secure its borders -- the migrant crisis has largely fallen off the front pages and reporters are going home.

But the human tide keeps rolling northward and westward, and aid agencies are preparing for it to continue through the winter, when temperatures along the migrant trail will drop below freezing. They fear the crisis may get worse.

"One thing is clear, the movement is not going to die down," said Babar Baloch, the U.N. refugee agency's representative in the Balkans. "What we are seeing right now ... it's just the tip of the iceberg."

While over a half million people have crossed the Mediterranean to Europe this year, more than double the figure for all of 2014, that is only a fraction of the people who are on the move. Some 4 million have fled Syria after more than four years of civil war, and 8 million have been displaced inside the country. And it's not just Syrians. It's Iraqis and Iranians, Afghans and Eritreans.

The EU acknowledged the scale of the problem last week, even after it approved a plan to toughen border controls and provide at least $1.1 billion to help Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan care for refugees living in their countries. The first new border measures won't take effect until November, and a proposal for strengthening the EU border agency is due in December.

People hold a banner reading reading "Refugees Welcome" during a demonstration for a change in Austrian and European refugee policy in Vienna, Austria, Saturday, Oct. 03, 2015. (AP Photo/Christian Bruna)

"Recently I visited refugee camps in Turkey and Jordan and I heard only one message -- we are determined to get to Europe," European Council President Donald Tusk said after the agreement was announced. "It is clear that the greatest tide of refugees and migrants is yet to come."

While the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees on Friday reported a "noticeable drop" in migrants entering Greece by sea -- as weather conditions deteriorated this week -- agency spokesman Adrian Edwards said "any improvement in the weather is likely to bring another surge in arrivals."

About 1,500 people arrived in Greece Thursday, down from 5,000 a day in recent weeks, the UNHCR said.

The EU was spurred to act after photos of Aylan lying face down on a Turkish beach were published around the world, triggering outrage over the suffering of migrants fleeing war and poverty. Aylan drowned, along with his mother and brother, when their boat capsized on the journey from Turkey to the Greek island of Kos.

Before the EU can stop the influx, it must convince the world it has regained control of its borders after months of news coverage showing the virtually unimpeded flow of people traveling from Turkey to Greece, then north through the Balkans to Austria, Germany and Sweden.

The surge came as donors cut back on funding for groups supporting Syrian refugees. The World Food Program in August said funding shortfalls forced it to cut food aid by 50 percent for 1.5 million refugees living in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt. EU members pledged to restore funding for the WFP in an agreement made last week.

The aid is important. Most refugees are unable to build new lives in their Middle Eastern host countries because they are barred from working. And as they watch their resources vanish, even people who hadn't planned to go to Europe are now considering it.

"There's no hope at all, so moving on seems the only option," Baloch said. "It could be an exodus in the making."

Take, for example, Zafer, a Syrian refugee who spoke on condition that his last name not be used for fear of reprisals. Zafer, 43, fled his country three years ago for Istanbul and is now contemplating Europe, encouraged by a friend who made the illegal crossing to Greece and is now in Germany.

"I don't have a future here, it is very hard. I had a budget but it is running out," he said. "I am worried about my children's education. Now they are young, but what will happen later when they are older? I am worried."

He isn't alone.

With a migrant path clearly established, complete with signposts on how to get to Europe, aid groups say it's almost as if a message has gone out: This is your chance. Now or never.

"In normal conditions, you will think twice about crossing the Mediterranean with your children because it is dangerous," said Gianluca Rocco, western Balkans coordinator for the International Organization for Migration. "But now you go with the flow. The flow is there and it is moving very quickly."

Macedonia, the main corridor for people traveling north from Greece, is preparing for the flood to continue through the winter.

Authorities are installing floors and heating in tents at the Gevgelija refugee camp, and aid agencies will provide warm clothes and blankets for the migrants said Aleksandra Kraus, a spokeswoman for the UNHCR in Macedonia.

The Macedonian parliament in September extended the state of emergency on the country's borders until June 2016. The country of 2 million people is spending about $1.1 million a month on migrants.

"Conditions and capacities for migrants depend on the budget," said Ivo Kotevski, a police spokesman. "We appeal for assistance."

All over the region, groups are already struggling to keep pace with arrivals, especially with winter drawing close.

"It will get much colder still, and the provision of adequate shelter is not even close to matching the number of people crossing into Serbia every day," Doctors Without Borders president Meinie Nicolai said.

It's unclear whether the EU actions will stem the flow, particularly in the short term.

Social media savvy asylum seekers are now aware the new border measures may take effect in November; and that effectively gives potential migrants a deadline that could spur them to make a dash for Europe, making the events of recent weeks a mere prelude to an even larger flood of humanity.