Insurers steering sick from enrolling

Insurers can no longer reject customers with expensive medical conditions thanks to the health-care overhaul. But consumer advocates warn companies are using wiggle room to discourage the sickest -- and costliest -- patients from enrolling.

Some insurers are excluding well-known cancer centers from the list of providers they cover under a plan; requiring patients to make large, initial payments for HIV medications; or delaying participation in public insurance exchanges created by the overhaul.

Advocates and industry insiders say these practices may dissuade the neediest from signing up and make it likelier the customers these insurers serve will be healthier -- and less expensive.

"It's the same insurance companies that are up to the same strategies: Take in as much premium as possible and pay out as little as possible," said Jerry Flanagan, an attorney with the advocacy group Consumer Watchdog.

Insurers acknowledge people may see changes in coverage, driven in part by how the overhaul affects insurance. But they say prudent business practices, not discrimination against the sick, are factors behind some of the trends that have raised concerns.

They point out if customers find a plan they don't like, they generally have plenty of options to choose from on and off the exchanges.

They also note the overhaul takes several steps to discourage them from avoiding costly patients. It prevents insurers from marketing or designing a plan that would discourage someone from applying based on their health.

It also calls for insurers to chip into a pool that compensates competitors who wind up with a more expensive patient population. That lowers the incentive for discouraging the sick from enrolling.

"Health plans now guarantee coverage for individuals and families regardless of health status," said Clare Krusing, a spokeswoman for the trade association, America's Health Insurance Plans, or AHIP.

There are three major ways insurers might steer sick or expensive patients away from their coverage:

Form narrow networks

Insurers can lower their chances for covering patients with expensive medical conditions such as cancer and autism by limiting the number of doctors and hospitals in a coverage network. That would send those patients searching for coverage elsewhere because they don't want to pay expensive, out-of-network rates.

Narrow insurer networks may include only 30 percent or less of a market's hospitals, as opposed to 70 percent or more for a broader network, according to the consulting firm McKinsey & Co.

These narrow networks have grown more common in recent years, especially in coverage sold on new public health insurance exchanges created by the overhaul.

An Associated Press survey of the nation's top cancer centers found patients covered under the health-care law could encounter barriers to access in many cases. For instance, MD Anderson Cancer Center said it is included in the networks of fewer than half of the plans sold on the Houston area's public insurance exchange.

Aside from excluding patients, narrow networks can help insurers form a healthy customer base by lowering the cost of coverage. A narrow provider network gives insurers leverage to squeeze better rates out of doctors who want to be included in that network to get the insurer's business.

Better rates lead to lower premiums, and young and healthy people generally shop for insurance based on price.

"They're the ones that don't check the provider directory," said Bob Laszewski, a former insurance executive turned industry consultant.

Insurers say plans with narrow networks are among many coverage choices consumers can make when they shop for insurance, and they are not an attempt to dodge the sick.

Narrow provider networks help maximize value by grouping providers "who have a track record of delivering high-quality, cost-effective care," said Krusing, the AHIP spokeswoman.

She said insurers who sell coverage on the overhaul's public insurance exchanges have to offer more than one plan. It would make little sense for them to steer patients away from one plan when that person could choose another option from the same insurer with broader benefits.

The overhaul sets some standards for provider networks, and a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services spokesman said regulators plan to increase their review of these networks for 2015 to see whether they need to strengthen requirements.

Drug sticker shock

Some plans require patients to initially pay 30 percent or more of the bill for drugs that can cost several thousand dollars a month. HIV drugs and multiple sclerosis medications are among them.

The overhaul caps the annual amounts patients are required to pay for these so-called out-of-pocket expenses. Still, some say the higher cost-sharing requirements can steer patients that need these medications away from enrolling.

"It's another way to send a message to sicker patients that says, 'If you're taking these medications, we'd rather not sell insurance to you,'" Flanagan said.

The AIDS Institute filed a complaint with U.S. Health and Human Services department this summer against four Florida insurance companies over the issue.

Insurers say their plans follow guidelines and cover all medically necessary HIV drugs. They note the price patients pay partially reflects what drugmakers charge for their medications.

Insurers also say customers have options if they find a prescription plan they dislike. In some markets, a customer may have more than a dozen choices, some of which might offer better coverage or a lower-cost alternative for their prescriptions.

But AIDS Institute Deputy executive director Carl Schmid said he worries patient choices will dissolve over time if the high prescription payments spread to other insurers in a market, and "the good plans will become the bad plans."

Enter markets slowly

Another way insurers might land a healthier population is by playing the waiting game.

The nation's largest health insurer, UnitedHealth Group Inc., will dive into the overhaul's public insurance exchanges with plans to sell 2015 individual coverage in 24 exchanges. That's up from four in 2014.

UnitedHealth's delayed growth could be a savvy way to avoid some of the sickest patients who likely rushed to sign up for insurance in the initial year of the exchanges, Laszewski said.

That could free UnitedHealth to enter markets and sign up healthier patients after other insurers, most likely not-for-profits with deep community roots, have "taken the bullet" the first year, he said.

Health insurers are still figuring out plan options for 2015, so there are no signs yet that other insurers are following UnitedHealth's example.

UnitedHealth said it had always planned a measured approach. It needed a year to set up provider networks and see how the exchanges worked in their debut before deciding whether to plunge in deeper. Spokesman Tyler Mason said the insurer wasn't waiting for those competitors to sign up all the sick patients first.

"Philosophically, we've always said the marketplaces would evolve over time and that they would be good markets and that reform is needed," he said.

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Associated Press writer Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar contributed to this report from Washington, D.C.