New blood tests, liquid biopsies, may transform cancer care

A new type of blood test is starting to transform cancer treatment, sparing some patients the surgical and needle biopsies long needed to guide their care.

The tests, called liquid biopsies, capture cancer cells or DNA that tumors shed into the blood instead of taking tissue from the tumor itself. A lot is still unknown about the value of these tests, but many doctors think they could make personalized medicine possible for far more people.

They give the first noninvasive way to sample a cancer repeatedly so doctors can profile its genes, target drugs to mutations, tell quickly whether treatment is working and adjust it as the cancer evolves.

Two years ago, these tests rarely were used except in research. Now, several are sold, more than a dozen are in development, and some doctors are using them in routine care.

Gurpaul Bedi had one for colon cancer that spread to his lungs. About 10 percent of patients with metastatic colon cancer at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center now get liquid biopsies.

"I think it's wonderful," said Bedi, who lives in Atlanta and goes to Houston for his care. "A lung biopsy, many doctors told me, is not easy."

In Philadelphia, a liquid biopsy detected Carole Linderman's breast cancer recurrence months before it normally would have been found.

"Had this test not been available, we may not have known I had cancer on my spine until symptoms showed up," which may have been too late for good treatment, she said.

The huge potential for these tests is clear.

The problem: There are no big, definitive studies to show they help patients, how accurate they are, which type is best or who should get them and when.

Still, patients do better when drugs are matched to their tumors, and liquid biopsies may give a practical way to do that more often.

"I'm really excited about all of this," said Dr. Razelle Kurzrock, a University of California, San Diego cancer specialist. "I spent most of my life giving drugs that were useless to people" because there was no good way to tell who would benefit or quickly tell when one wasn't working, she said. "This is so much better."

Who is tested

The tests mostly are used when a tissue biopsy can't be done easily, when the cancer's original site isn't known or when drugs have stopped working, and doctors are unsure what to try next, said Dr. Scott Kopetz, a colon cancer specialist at MD Anderson. The tests are catching on "faster than I anticipated," he said.

At Philadelphia's Thomas Jefferson University, Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli has used them on about 120 breast-cancer patients, including two dozen such as Linderman with a high risk of recurrence.

A tissue biopsy typically samples one section of a tumor, and tumors can vary widely, with different genes and hormones active in different parts, he said. Also, cancer that has spread often differs from the original site, and tumors change rapidly in response to treatment.

With a tissue biopsy, "our treatments lag behind, and they're still based on limited information," Cristofanilli said. With a liquid biopsy, "the power of this test has been to really find out how the disease changes, even in a short period of time."

How they work

Early versions looked for whole tumor cells in blood. Newer ones look for free-floating cancer DNA, enabling gene profiling to see what mutations drive the cancer. Kopetz and Cristofanilli use one from Guardant Health Inc. of Redwood City, California, that has been sold in the U.S. since June 2014.

Many companies are working on similar tests, including Sequenom, a San Diego biotech that already sells one for prenatal screening, using fetal DNA in maternal blood. Many companies tried prenatal screening with fetal cells, but it didn't work, said chief science officer Dirk van den Boom.

"Cell-free DNA really was the breakthrough" that enabled wide use, and the same could happen with these cancer tests, he said.

The cost

Whether liquid biopsies will be cost-effective is unknown. Guardant's test costs $5,400; some insurers cover it for certain types of patients. Gene profiling from a tissue biopsy costs about the same.

Liquid biopsies can be done periodically to monitor care, but more tests mean more cost.

They may save other costs, though. A traditional lung biopsy is thousands of dollars. Money could be saved by skipping cancer drugs that ultimately don't work; many cost $10,000 to $15,000 a month.

With cell-free DNA tests, even doctors in rural areas can offer precision medicine because they can ship a blood sample to a lab.